India
India is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh largest country by area and with more than 1.3 billion people, it is the second most populouscountry and the most populousdemocracy in the world. Bounded by theIndian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;[f]China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Bangladesh andMyanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while itsAndaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand andIndonesia.
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The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE. In the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, and Buddhism andJainism arose. Early political consolidations took place under theMaurya and Gupta empires; later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as Southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism,Christianity, and Islam arrived, andSikhism emerged, all adding to the region's diverse culture. Much of the north fell to the Delhi Sultanate; the south was united under theVijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in theMughal Empire. In the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under BritishEast India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. Anationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, underMahatma Gandhi, was noted fornonviolent resistance and led to India's independence in 1947.
In 2017, the Indian economy was the world's sixth largest by nominal GDP[19]and third largest by purchasing power parity.[15] Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the fastest-growing major economies and is considered anewly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges ofpoverty, corruption, malnutrition, andinadequate public healthcare. A nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the second largest standing army in the world and ranks fifth in military expenditure among nations. India is afederal republic governed under aparliamentary system and consists of29 states and 7 union territories. Apluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society, it is also home to a diversity ofwildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The country is a founding member of the United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, WTO, BRICS, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation,Shanghai Cooperation Organisation,G8+5, G20, and the Commonwealth of Nations.
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